Difference between revisions of "BJT Amplifier"

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(Created page with "This page talks about how to design a simple BJT common emitter amplifier. Below are the full derivations for component values because I CBA to work this out every time so...")
 
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[[File:Pe1_bjt_ce.png|thumb|the beast]]
 
[[File:Pe1_bjt_ce.png|thumb|the beast]]
 +
 +
Transistor parameters:
 +
* Current gain beta=200 (also called hfe)
 +
* Base-emitter voltage drop Ube0 = 0.66V
 +
* Input impedance h11 = 500R
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* Assume R2 = 50k
 +
 +
Calculate the input impedance rin = ΔU1 / ΔIin
 +
 +
== Rc and Re ==
 +
 +
The problem is formulated in a way that requrement 3 is actually step one.
 +
This circuit is a common emitter amplifier, it's Ku = Rc/Re. This gives us a constraint
 +
for Rc and Re, that is
 +
 +
Rc/Re = 23
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Rc = 23Re
 +
 +
Additionally there's requirement #2, that is Uce = 6V. Note that this is half of the supply voltage and that's how these are usually designed for maximum swing. From these two constraints we can calculate Re and Rc. Here's how
 +
 +
We have to take a look at the Rc-C-E-Re branch of the circuit (right vertical). The volage on it is Ecc=12V. The Uce voltage is 6V.
 +
This leaves us with 6V to "split" between Rc and Re. The voltage drops are
 +
 +
IcRc + Uce + IeRe = 12V
 +
IcRc + 6V + IeRe = 6V
 +
IcRc + IeRe = 6V
 +
 +
Because the beta is large (200), then Ie ~= Ic (this is because Ie = (beta+1)*Ib, Ic = beta*Ib ). From requirement #1 we get
 +
  Ic(Rc+Re) = 6V
 +
  Rc + Re = 6V/Ic = 6kohm
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  Rc = 23Re
 +
  24Re = 6k  --> Re = 0.25k, Rc = 5.75k
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 +
== R1 and R2 (biasing voltage divider) ==
 +
 +
We have to look at the R2-R1 branch and the bottom part of the right branch, B-E-Re. Transistor's h11 is also given, so we have to include it in the calculation. For that we need the hybrid-pi model
 +
 +
[[File:H_pi.png|frameless]]
 +
 +
Calculating the bias is finding what voltage at the base to get the necesary Ic (~= Ie) current. We have to find a value of Ub so that the right Ib = Ic/beta flows through h11 and (beta+1)*Re in series.
 +
 +
Ib = Ic/beta
 +
Ub = Ib*h11 + Ube + Ib*(beta+1)*Re
 +
Ub = Ic*h11/beta + Ube + Ic*(beta+1)/beta*Re
 +
 +
For a large enough beta (200), the term (beta+1)/beta is practically 1.
 +
 +
Ub = Ic*h11/beta + Ube + IcRe
 +
Ub = Ic(h11/beta + Re) + Ube
 +
 +
Re = 250R, h11/beta = 500R/200 = nothing, so we ignore it. But you have to write this on the exam to show that you know the Hybrid Pi model ;)
 +
 +
Ub = IcRe + Ube
 +
Ub = 1mA * 250ohm + 0.66V
 +
Ub = 0.91V
 +
 +
Now for R2 = 50k we have to pick R1 so that we get a voltage divider with a specified output voltage. Note that we have to include the load of h11 + Re*(beta+1) in parallel with R1. We do this by finding the currents.
 +
 +
I2 = (Ecc-Ub) / R2
 +
I1 = I2 - Ib
 +
R1 = Ub/I1
 +
R1 = Ub/([Ecc-Ub]/R2 - Ib)
 +
R1 = Ub/([Ecc-Ub]/R2 - Ic/beta)
 +
R1 = 0.91V / ([ 12V - 0.91V] / 50kohm - 1mA/200)
 +
R1 = 4197 ohm
 +
 +
Watch out for the units. If R1 comes out negative, you screwed the units up.
 +
 +
== Input impedance for AC ==
 +
 +
zin = ΔUin/ΔIin
 +
 +
ΔUin = ΔUb. There is nothing tricky here, for AC analysis the capacitor is a short.
 +
 +
Iwe + I2 = I1 + Ib
 +
ΔIwe + ΔI2 = ΔI1 + ΔIb
 +
 +
ΔI2 = (Ecc-Ub)/R2. For AC analysis the AC component of the supply voltage is zero (for AC analysis we treat all supply rails as ground)
 +
 +
ΔI2 = -Ub/R2
 +
 +
Do not forget about that minus.
 +
 +
In a similar vein
 +
 +
ΔI1 = ΔUb/R1
 +
 +
Now we have to find ΔIb. From the image above
 +
 +
Ib = Ub/(h11 + Re*[beta+1])
 +
 +
Deltifying that equation yields
 +
 +
ΔIb = ΔUb/(h11 + Re*[beta+1])
 +
 +
Putting all the equations together
 +
 +
ΔIin = ΔI1 - ΔI2 + ΔIb
 +
ΔIin = ΔUb/R1 + ΔUb/R2 + ΔUb/(h11 + Re*[beta+1])
 +
 +
Watch out for signs. Here ΔUb/R2 has a plus because ΔI2 is taken with a minus. This matches because as I said, for AC we treat the power rails as grounds, so R1 is in paralell with R2 and hence the 1/R1 + 1/R2 term.
 +
 +
zin = ΔUb/ΔIin = ΔUb / ( ΔUb/R1 + ΔUb/R2 + ΔUb/(h11 + Re*[beta+1]) )
 +
zin = 1/( 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/(h11 + Re*[beta+1]) )
 +
 +
This is the input impedance.
 +
 +
Of course this is the academic approach. The above zin equation can be found immediately, by drawing a clever schematic...
 +
 +
== Schematic for the AC analysis ==
 +
 +
[[File:Bjt_ce_ac_model.png|frameless|AC model]]
 +
 +
A clever engineer will notice that the input impedance is just three impedances in parallel: R1, R2 and h11+Re.
 +
 +
== PNP amplifier ==
 +
 +
An experienced engineer is [[CBA]] to calculate all of that again. Just swap the transistor for a PNP and swap the power rails.

Revision as of 22:34, 22 September 2021

This page talks about how to design a simple BJT common emitter amplifier. Below are the full derivations for component values because I CBA to work this out every time some fellow student asks me to explain this after they fail the EE exam ;) Thanks to the professor who can't explain this clearly enough on the lecture for the n-th year.

Task

Below is an NPN common emitter amplifier. Design the elements so that

  1. Collector current Ic = 1mA
  2. Collector-emitter voltage Uce = 6V
  3. Voltage gain for the AC component Ku = ΔU2/ΔU1 = 23
  4. Current for resistors R1 and R2 is much larger than the base current
  5. Supply voltage Ecc = 12V
the beast

Transistor parameters:

  • Current gain beta=200 (also called hfe)
  • Base-emitter voltage drop Ube0 = 0.66V
  • Input impedance h11 = 500R
  • Assume R2 = 50k

Calculate the input impedance rin = ΔU1 / ΔIin

Rc and Re

The problem is formulated in a way that requrement 3 is actually step one. This circuit is a common emitter amplifier, it's Ku = Rc/Re. This gives us a constraint for Rc and Re, that is

Rc/Re = 23
Rc = 23Re

Additionally there's requirement #2, that is Uce = 6V. Note that this is half of the supply voltage and that's how these are usually designed for maximum swing. From these two constraints we can calculate Re and Rc. Here's how

We have to take a look at the Rc-C-E-Re branch of the circuit (right vertical). The volage on it is Ecc=12V. The Uce voltage is 6V. This leaves us with 6V to "split" between Rc and Re. The voltage drops are

IcRc + Uce + IeRe = 12V
IcRc + 6V + IeRe = 6V
IcRc + IeRe = 6V

Because the beta is large (200), then Ie ~= Ic (this is because Ie = (beta+1)*Ib, Ic = beta*Ib ). From requirement #1 we get

 Ic(Rc+Re) = 6V
 Rc + Re = 6V/Ic = 6kohm
 Rc = 23Re
 24Re = 6k  --> Re = 0.25k, Rc = 5.75k

R1 and R2 (biasing voltage divider)

We have to look at the R2-R1 branch and the bottom part of the right branch, B-E-Re. Transistor's h11 is also given, so we have to include it in the calculation. For that we need the hybrid-pi model

H pi.png

Calculating the bias is finding what voltage at the base to get the necesary Ic (~= Ie) current. We have to find a value of Ub so that the right Ib = Ic/beta flows through h11 and (beta+1)*Re in series.

Ib = Ic/beta
Ub = Ib*h11 + Ube + Ib*(beta+1)*Re
Ub = Ic*h11/beta + Ube + Ic*(beta+1)/beta*Re

For a large enough beta (200), the term (beta+1)/beta is practically 1.

Ub = Ic*h11/beta + Ube + IcRe
Ub = Ic(h11/beta + Re) + Ube

Re = 250R, h11/beta = 500R/200 = nothing, so we ignore it. But you have to write this on the exam to show that you know the Hybrid Pi model ;)

Ub = IcRe + Ube
Ub = 1mA * 250ohm + 0.66V
Ub = 0.91V

Now for R2 = 50k we have to pick R1 so that we get a voltage divider with a specified output voltage. Note that we have to include the load of h11 + Re*(beta+1) in parallel with R1. We do this by finding the currents.

I2 = (Ecc-Ub) / R2
I1 = I2 - Ib
R1 = Ub/I1
R1 = Ub/([Ecc-Ub]/R2 - Ib)
R1 = Ub/([Ecc-Ub]/R2 - Ic/beta)
R1 = 0.91V / ([ 12V - 0.91V] / 50kohm - 1mA/200)
R1 = 4197 ohm

Watch out for the units. If R1 comes out negative, you screwed the units up.

Input impedance for AC

zin = ΔUin/ΔIin

ΔUin = ΔUb. There is nothing tricky here, for AC analysis the capacitor is a short.

Iwe + I2 = I1 + Ib
ΔIwe + ΔI2 = ΔI1 + ΔIb

ΔI2 = (Ecc-Ub)/R2. For AC analysis the AC component of the supply voltage is zero (for AC analysis we treat all supply rails as ground)

ΔI2 = -Ub/R2

Do not forget about that minus.

In a similar vein

ΔI1 = ΔUb/R1

Now we have to find ΔIb. From the image above

Ib = Ub/(h11 + Re*[beta+1])

Deltifying that equation yields

ΔIb = ΔUb/(h11 + Re*[beta+1])

Putting all the equations together

ΔIin = ΔI1 - ΔI2 + ΔIb
ΔIin = ΔUb/R1 + ΔUb/R2 + ΔUb/(h11 + Re*[beta+1])

Watch out for signs. Here ΔUb/R2 has a plus because ΔI2 is taken with a minus. This matches because as I said, for AC we treat the power rails as grounds, so R1 is in paralell with R2 and hence the 1/R1 + 1/R2 term.

zin = ΔUb/ΔIin = ΔUb / ( ΔUb/R1 + ΔUb/R2 + ΔUb/(h11 + Re*[beta+1]) )
zin = 1/( 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/(h11 + Re*[beta+1]) )

This is the input impedance.

Of course this is the academic approach. The above zin equation can be found immediately, by drawing a clever schematic...

Schematic for the AC analysis

AC model

A clever engineer will notice that the input impedance is just three impedances in parallel: R1, R2 and h11+Re.

PNP amplifier

An experienced engineer is CBA to calculate all of that again. Just swap the transistor for a PNP and swap the power rails.